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Copyright estate of the artist | | | Ernst, Max (1891 - 1976) Germany
Paysage Noir, 1923
Oil on board ; 31.5 x 39.8 x 1 cm Surrealism
UID 102-186
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Biography
German painter, sculptor, and commercial designer, Ernst was one of the major contributors to the theory and practice of Surrealism. His work challenged and broke with what he considered the repressive aspects of European culture, particularly the Christian doctrine and the aesthetic and moral codes of Western academic art. Ernst had no formal education in the arts, but he did take several courses at Bonn University between 1909 and 1912. His early work was influenced by van Gogh, Campendonck, Macke, Robert Delaunay and the Italian Futurists. During the years he served in the German army (1914-18), he continued painting, following a semi-cubist and semi abstract path. In 1918, in Cologne, he founded a Dadaist group with Hans Arp and, in 1922, he settled in Paris co-founding André Breton's Surrealist group. He introduced and developed new art techniques like frottage, grattage and decalcomanie, which stimulated the fortuitous in the creative process. In the early 30s, he followed the ideas of the Surrealist Group, in particular the work of Breton and Dali. After 1933, the violent, threatening character of his work became more prominent, mainly as a reaction against the social and political climate of the time. During the 30s, Ernst's international reputation grew steadily and, in 1948, he became an American citizen when he settled in the United States, where he married Peggy Guggenheim. In 1953 he returned to Europe and, in 1958, acquired French citizenship. In 1954, he received the first prize at the Venice Biennale and, in 1975, major retrospective exhibitions of his work were held in New York and Paris.
Exhibitions
Max Ernst - Die Retrospektive Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Neue Nationalgalerie, Germany 05-03-1999 ~ 30-05-1999
Max Ernst - Die Retrospektive Haus der Kunst, Germany 11-06-1999 ~ 19-09-1999
O Surrealismo Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil (CCBB), Brazil 20-08-2001 ~ 28-10-2001
O Surrealismo na Colecção Berardo - Estranho Desenho Palácio da Galeria, Câmara Municipal de Tavira, Portugal 12-07-2003 ~ 14-09-2003
Erich Kahn - Forgotten Generation Jewish Survivor German Expressionist Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal 05-05-2005 ~ 09-10-2005
Faces and Places: Dada and Surrealist Portraits and Landscapes (London) The Mayor Gallery, United Kingdom 18-11-1997 ~ 19-12-1997
Faces and Places: Dada and Surrealist Portraits and Landscapes (Paris) FIAC, France 30-09-1997 ~ 06-10-1997
Fernando Lemos and Surrealism - The Berardo Collection Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal 26-11-2005 ~ 18-06-2006
Territórios Singulares na Colecção Berardo Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal 22-10-2002 ~ 28-02-2003
O Surrealismo na Colecção Berardo - Estranho Desenho, Sintra Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal 04-07-2001 ~ 30-06-2001
Fernando Lemos e o Surrealismo - Colecção Berardo Centro das Artes Casa das Mudas, Calheta, Madeira, Portugal 08-07-2006 ~ 31-01-2007
Berardo Museum Opening Museu Colecção Berardo, Portugal 25-06-2007 ~ 24-08-2008
De Miró à Warhol. La Collection Berardo à Paris Musée du Luxembourg, France 16-10-2008 ~ 22-02-2009
Sous la Dictée de L’image Museu Colecção Berardo, Portugal 01-03-2010 ~ 26-05-2010
Tudo o que é Sólido Museu Colecção Berardo, Portugal 07-06-2010 ~ 12-09-2010
Observers Museu Colecção Berardo, Portugal 14-02-2011 ~ 29-05-2011
Bibliography
Colecção Berardo Collection 1917-1999, 2000 Published by CCB - Centro Cultural de Belém ISBN 972817652X
Erich Kahn - Forgotten Generation Jewish Survivor German Expressionist , 2005 Published by Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo ISBN 9729903018
Faces and Places: Dada and Surrealist Portraits and Landscapes, 1997 Published by The Mayor Gallery and Timothy Baum
Fernando Lemos and Surrealism , 2005 Published by Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo ISBN 9729903026
Fernando Lemos e o Surrealismo – Colecção Berardo, 2006 Published by Centro das Artes - Casa das Mudas ISBN 9728902034
O Surrealismo na Colecção Berardo - Estranho Desenho, 2003 Published by Palácio da Galeria, Câmara Municipal de Tavira ISBN 9728705050
O Surrealismo na Colecção Berardo - Estranho Desenho, 2001 Published by Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo ISBN 9729742847
Territórios Singulares na Colecção Berardo, 2002 Published by Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo ISBN 972974288X
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